Hemorrhagic fevers are caused by a variety of infections from viral agents that originate in animals and insects, including rodents and mosquitoes, according to the Mayo Clinic. The type of virus determines how the infection spreads, such as tick bites or contact with contaminated rat feces.

Examples of viral hemorrhagic fevers include dengue, yellow fever and ebola, the CDC Special Pathogens Branch states. VHFs are caused by four families of viruses that all rely on specific animal or insect hosts, known as natural reservoirs and vectors, and they only occur in the geographic regions of their host species. While VHFs never originate in humans, some variants can spread from person to person once contracted.

According to WebMD, symptoms of dengue fever include a sudden, high fever, severe headaches, joint and muscle pain, pain behind the eyes, nausea, vomiting, skin rash, and mild bleeding. As of 2014, there is no treatment for dengue fever. However, WebMD recommends taking acetaminophen to reduce pain and fever, drinking plenty of fluids and getting plenty of bed rest.

Dengue fever is the result of the transmission of one of four dengue viruses through mosquito bites, according to WebMD. Most of the infections take place in tropical climates, especially areas around southeast China, the Caribbean and Mexico. Most Americans become infected with dengue fever by travelling to places where the disease is present, and infection can be confirmed with a simple blood test.

The first symptoms appear anywhere between four and six days after contracting the virus and usually last around 10 days. Young children or people that have never contracted the disease usually suffer from milder symptoms. However, people that have a weakened immune system or who have been previously infected are at a greater risk of developing complications, including dengue hemorrhagic fever and failure of the circulatory system. WebMD recommends that people who believe that they are infected with dengue fever should get medical attention, especially if they begin to feel worse after the fever has diminished.

Contact with infected bodily fluids and secretions typically causes transmission of VHFs, according to the CDC Special Pathogens Branch. Occasionally, VHFs spread to geographic regions where they don’t occur naturally after an imported host or infected traveler carries the virus. A direct bite usually causes insect-related infections, but humans can also contract viruses from handling livestock infected by insect bites.

Symptoms of VHFs depend on the disease, but they commonly include high fever, muscle and joint aches, dizziness, shock and fatigue, the Mayo Clinic states. In more severe cases, these viruses cause bleeding from the eyes, mouth or ears and internal hemorrhaging under the skin and inside organs.

Patients with viral hemorrhagic fevers usually receive only supportive therapy; there is no other established cure for viral hemorrhagic fevers. However, ribavirin (Rebetol, Copegus) has been effective in treating some individuals with Lassa fever, and treatment with convalescent-phase plasma has been used with success in a few patients — other experimental antiviral agents have also been tried in a few patients.

Prevention and control of hemorrhagic fevers is difficult; except for yellow fever and Argentine hemorrhagic fever, no vaccines have been made commercially available so that prevention efforts are concentrated on avoiding contacts with the host species, vectors, or humans infected with the viruses.

Marburg Virus Disease History, Symptoms, and Treatment

The Ugandan Ministry of Health reported on Oct. 5, 2014, that a health-care worker died of Marburg virus disease (formerly known as Marburg hemorrhagic fever [Marburg HF]) on Sept. 30, 2014. The source of his exposure is not clear. This is of interest since Marburg virus is a close relative of the Ebola virus, and both produce clinical signs and symptoms that are often indistinguishable.

Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) facts*

*Viral hemorrhagic fever facts by Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD

• Viral hemorrhagic fevers are group of illnesses caused by viruses that cause vascular damage that result in symptomatic bleeding (hemorrhage).
• Hemorrhagic fever viruses are mainly zoonotic diseases caused by viruses that usually reside in an animal or arthropod hosts that may serve as vectors.
• Viral hemorrhagic fevers are usually seen associated with only one particular of species and consequently are usually contained in geographically restricted areas; however, if the virus is introduced accidentally to humans it becomes widespread (for example, the current Ebola outbreak).
• Hemorrhagic fever viruses are usually transmitted among animal or arthropod hosts; however, the viruses carried in these animal or arthropods can be transmitted to humans when humans come in contact with the urine, feces, saliva, or other bodily fluids of infected animals or arthropods, including if the animal is killed and eaten. In some instances, once the viruses infect humans, person-to-person transmission can occur when an uninfected person comes in contact with bodily fluids or (with some viruses) a bite by an arthropod vector.
• Symptoms of viral hemorrhagic fever include fatigue, fever, weakness, dizziness, and muscle aches; patients with more severe infections show bleeding under the skin, internal organs, or even from bodily orifices like the mouth, eyes, or ears. Some patients develop severe diarrhea that may also be bloody, and severely ill patients present with shock, delirium, seizures, kidney failure, and coma that often ends in death.
• Patients with viral hemorrhagic fevers usually receive only supportive therapy; there is no other established cure for viral hemorrhagic fevers. However, ribavirin (Rebetol, Copegus) has been effective in treating some individuals with Lassa fever, and treatment with convalescent-phase plasma has been used with success in a few patients — other experimental antiviral agents have also been tried in a few patients.
• Prevention and control of hemorrhagic fevers is difficult; except for yellow fever and Argentine hemorrhagic fever, no vaccines have been made commercially available so that prevention efforts are concentrated on avoiding contacts with the host species, vectors, or humans infected with the viruses.
• Scientists and researchers are addressing the threat of viral hemorrhagic fevers to humans by attempting to develop immunological, molecular, and containment methods to prevent these hemorrhagic fevers.

What are viral hemorrhagic fevers?

Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) refer to a group of illnesses that are caused by several distinct families of viruses. In general, the term “viral hemorrhagic fever” is used to describe a severe multisystem syndrome (multisystem in that multiple organ systems in the body are affected). Characteristically, the overall vascular system is damaged, and the body’s ability to regulate itself is impaired. These symptoms are often accompanied by hemorrhage (bleeding); however, the bleeding is itself rarely life-threatening. While some types of hemorrhagic fever viruses can cause relatively mild illnesses, many of these viruses cause severe, life-threatening disease.

The Special Pathogens Branch (SPB) primarily works with hemorrhagic fever viruses that are classified as biosafety level four (BSL-4) pathogens. A list of these viruses appears in the SPB disease information index. The Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, also in the National Center for Infectious Diseases, works with the non-BSL-4 viruses that cause two other hemorrhagic fevers, dengue hemorrhagic fever and yellow fever.

How are hemorrhagic fever viruses grouped?

VHFs are caused by viruses of four distinct families: arenaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses, and flaviviruses. Each of these families share a number of features:

• They are all RNA viruses, and all are covered, or enveloped, in a fatty (lipid) coating.
• Their survival is dependent on an animal or insect host, called the natural reservoir.
• The viruses are geographically restricted to the areas where their host species live.
• Humans are not the natural reservoir for any of these viruses. Humans are infected when they come into contact with infected hosts. However, with some viruses, after the accidental transmission from the host, humans can transmit the virus to one another.
• Human cases or outbreaks of hemorrhagic fevers caused by these viruses occur sporadically and irregularly. The occurrence of outbreaks cannot be easily predicted.
• With a few noteworthy exceptions, there is no cure or established drug treatment for VHFs.

In rare cases, other viral and bacterial infections can cause a hemorrhagic fever; scrub typhus is a good example.

So what is the key to stop this from occurring in your country PREVENTION through infection control.

“Heart disease is very common and serious. It’s the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States. If you have diabetes, you’re twice as likely to have heart disease or a stroke than someone who doesn’t have diabetes—and at a younger age. The longer you have diabetes, the more likely you are to have heart disease.”.

Centers of Disease Control and Prevention – CDC

At least four complex processes, alone or combined, can lead to diabetic heart disease (DHD). They include coronary atherosclerosis; metabolic syndrome; insulin resistance in people who have type 2 diabetes; and the interaction of coronary heart disease (CHD), high blood pressure, and diabetes .

Researchers continue to study these processes because all of the details aren’t yet known.

Coronary Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside the arteries. The exact cause of atherosclerosis isn’t known. However, studies show that it is a slow, complex disease that may start in childhood. The disease develops faster as you age.

Coronary atherosclerosis may start when certain factors damage the inner layers of the coronary (heart) arteries. These factors include:

• Smoking
• High amounts of certain fats and cholesterol in the blood
• High blood pressure
• High amounts of sugar in the blood due to insulin resistance or diabetes

Plaque may begin to build up where the arteries are damaged. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows the arteries. This reduces the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle.

Eventually, an area of plaque can rupture (break open). When this happens, blood cell fragments called platelets (PLATE-lets) stick to the site of the injury. They may clump together to form blood clots.

Blood clots narrow the coronary arteries even more. This limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your heart and may worsen angina (chest pain) or cause a heart attack.

Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is the name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk of both CHD and type 2 diabetes.

If you have three or more of the five metabolic risk factors, you have metabolic syndrome. The risk factors are:

• A large waistline (a waist measurement of 35 inches or more for women and 40 inches or more for men).
• A high triglyceride (tri-GLIH-seh-ride) level (or you’re on medicine to treat high triglycerides). Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood.
• A low HDL cholesterol level (or you’re on medicine to treat low HDL cholesterol). HDL sometimes is called “good” cholesterol. This is because it helps remove cholesterol from your arteries.
• High blood pressure (or you’re on medicine to treat high blood pressure).
• A high fasting blood sugar level (or you’re on medicine to treat high blood sugar).

It’s unclear whether these risk factors have a common cause or are mainly related by their combined effects on the heart.

Obesity seems to set the stage for metabolic syndrome. Obesity can cause harmful changes in body fats and how the body uses insulin.

Chronic (ongoing) inflammation also may occur in people who have metabolic syndrome. Inflammation is the body’s response to illness or injury. It may raise your risk of CHD and heart attack. Inflammation also may contribute to or worsen metabolic syndrome.

Research is ongoing to learn more about metabolic syndrome and how metabolic risk factors interact.

Insulin Resistance in People Who Have Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes usually begins with insulin resistance. Insulin resistance means that the body can’t properly use the insulin it makes.

People who have type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance have higher levels of substances in the blood that cause blood clots. Blood clots can block the coronary arteries and cause a heart attack or even death.

The Interaction of Coronary Heart Disease, High Blood Pressure, and Diabetes

Each of these risk factors alone can damage the heart. CHD reduces the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle. High blood pressure and diabetes may cause harmful changes in the structure and function of the heart.

Having CHD, high blood pressure, and diabetes is even more harmful to the heart. Together, these conditions can severely damage the heart muscle. As a result, the heart has to work harder than normal. Over time, the heart weakens and isn’t able to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs. This condition is called heart failure.

As the heart weakens, the body may release proteins and other substances into the blood. These proteins and substances also can harm the heart and worsen heart failure.

“For people with advanced chronic kidney failure, the treatment options are dialysis or a transplant. But there are not enough donor organs to meet the need. In the United States, nearly one million people have end-stage kidney disease, and there are roughly 102,000 people on the waiting list for a transplant.”.

National Kidney Foundation.

When people languish on a wait-list for a kidney transplant, they may start to consider a desperate measure: Traveling to a country where they can buy a donor kidney on the black market.

But beyond the legal and ethical pitfalls, experts say, the health risks are not worth it.

Most countries ban the practice, sometimes called “transplant tourism,” and it has been widely condemned on ethical grounds. Now a new study highlights another issue: People who buy a donor kidney simply do not fare as well.

Researchers in Bahrain found that people who traveled abroad to buy a kidney — to countries like the Philippines, India, Pakistan, China and Iran — sometimes developed serious infections.

Those infections included the liver diseases hepatitis B and C, as well as cytomegalovirus, which can be life-threatening to transplant recipients, the investigators said.

Also, people who bought donor kidneys also faced higher rates of surgical complications and organ rejection, versus those who received a legal transplant in their home country.

Dr. Amgad El Agroudy, of Arabian Gulf University, was to present the findings Friday at the annual meeting of the American Society of Nephrology (ASN), in San Diego.

It’s not clear how common it is for U.S. patients to take a chance on traveling abroad to buy a black-market kidney, according to Dr. Gabriel Danovitch, director of kidney transplantation at the University of California, Los Angeles.

“We really have no way of knowing what the numbers are,” said Danovitch, who was not involved in the study.

“But,” he added, “my sense is that the numbers are fairly small, as the dangers of transplant tourism are becoming more and more clear.”

Why is it a risky proposition? According to Danovitch, there are a few broad reasons: The paid organ donors may not be properly screened, and the recipients may not be good candidates for a transplant, to name two.

“In a paid system, the prime focus is on making money,” Danovitch said. “Centers that are willing to do these don’t really care what happens to the donors or recipients after the transplant.”

For people with advanced chronic kidney failure, the treatment options are dialysis or a transplant. But there are not enough donor organs to meet the need. In the United States, nearly one million people have end-stage kidney disease, and there are roughly 102,000 people on the waiting list for a transplant, according to the National Kidney Foundation.

Kidney transplants can come from a living or deceased donor, but living-donor transplants are more likely to be successful, according to U.S. health officials.

It doesn’t take long to get tired of spending 12 hours a week on hemodialysis, or even more time on peritoneal dialysis (PD) —not to mention complications like line infections and access problems. But a new, healthy kidney would put an end to all that. A transplant sounds like it would be well worth the risk of surgery and the trouble of taking anti-rejection medicines, and Medicare statistics show that it actually costs less in the long run than continued dialysis. When can you check into the hospital, you ask?

Unfortunately over 80,000 people in the United States are already waiting for a new kidney and in 2008 only 16,517 got one. Maybe you don’t have a compatible donor in your family, or you’ve been told that you are “not a transplant candidate” for one of several reasons. You’re a resourceful person who knows that persistence pays off, and you start looking for ways to shorten the wait or get around the rules that say you don’t qualify for a transplant. Kidneys from living donors are almost always preferable to those from recently deceased donors. If you don’t have a friend or family member willing to donate, what about getting one where the laws against buying an organ are less strictly enforced? Medical tourism is booming these days. Maybe you know somebody who had surgery overseas, either to avoid a waiting list or just because the price is lower there. The same international pharmaceutical countries produce medicines for everybody these days, so how big a difference can there be? Nephrologists in the US say it’s a common story: a dialysis patient misses treatments or appointments for a few days or several weeks, then comes to their office asking for refills on anti-rejection medicines…with pill bottles labeled in Urdu, Chinese or Farsi as well as in English. Did they get a good deal or what?  Unfortunately this may not be the bargain people hoped for.

At UCLA Jagbir Gill, MD, and associates studied 33 patients who had received transplants overseas, and found they had much worse results than patients who received transplants in this country. Screening of paid kidney donors was less thorough, with problems like hepatitis overlooked. Early organ rejection was twice as common and infections frequent; Dr. Gill recalls patients who went “directly from the airport to the emergency room” due to severe infections or transplant failure.

In a similar study in Canada, where waiting periods for transplants are even longer, experiences were similar. Jeffrey Zaltzman, MD, reports infections common in the countries where the transplant was done were a big problem in medical tourists. One 78-year-old gentleman returned from Pakistan with a surgical wound that reopened spontaneously; he died a few weeks later of cardiovascular problems that might have disqualified him for a transplant at home. The cost to paid organ donors can be even greater. Poor people who sell a kidney, sometimes for as little as $800 according to the World Health Organization, face health problems like hypertension and worsening of their own kidney functions—provided, of course, that their surgery goes well. Since most live in countries where even blood pressure checks are rare, complications that develop after they leave the hospital may go undetected until it is too late for the patient. Donors in the United States frequently can have kidneys removed with very small incisions. Third World donors, however, generally end up with wounds up to 14 inches long that may take months to heal, making them unable to do the manual labor most depend on. Chronic pain and disability are common, points out Nancy Scheper-Hughes, who has extensively studied and reported on transplant practices from Brazil to China. And reports of organs coming from executed prisoners in China are even more worrisome. Details of where donors come from and which hospitals and doctors will do the surgery are rarely available to “clients” and their families ahead of time. While paying a donor for an organ is illegal everywhere except Iran, “international transplant coordinators” have no laws banning what they do—bringing clients together with hospitals in other countries. And as the WHO’s Dr. Luc Noel points out, “None of the brokers ever mention the costs—long-term health issues, chronic pain, inability to perform manual labor—that are borne by these poor organ vendors.”

SO THINK TWICE BEFORE FALLING FOR TRANSPLANT TOURISM. HIGH PROBABILITY YOU WON’T LIKE THE RESULTS!

“Some Facts about Psoriasis:

• 33% of psoriasis patients report social interactions are impacted
• 59% report the condition is a problem in their everyday lives
• 52% are dissatisfied with treatment
• 72% are overweight or obese, increasing the risk of other chronic conditions“

National Psoriasis Foundation  (https://www.psoriasis.org/wellness).

“Psoriasis is a skin disease that causes red, itchy scaly patches, most commonly on the knees, elbows, trunk and scalp. Psoriasis is a common, long-term (chronic) disease with no cure. It tends to go through cycles, flaring for a few weeks or months, then subsiding for a while or going into remission.”

MAYO CLINIC

“Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex developmental disability, typically appearing during childhood and affecting a person’s ability to communicate and interact with others.”.

Autism Society (https://www.autism-society.org)”.

What is autism spectrum disorder?

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a group of complex neurodevelopment disorders characterized by repetitive and characteristic patterns of behavior and difficulties with social communication and interaction. The symptoms are present from early childhood and affect daily functioning.

The term “spectrum” refers to the wide range of symptoms, skills, and levels of disability in functioning that can occur in people with ASD. Some children and adults with ASD are fully able to perform all activities of daily living while others require substantial support to perform basic activities. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5, published in 2013) includes Asperger syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorders not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) as part of ASD rather than as separate disorders. A diagnosis of ASD includes an assessment of intellectual disability and language impairment.

ASD occurs in every racial and ethnic group, and across all socioeconomic levels. However, boys are significantly more likely to develop ASD than girls. The latest analysis from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 1 in 68 children has ASD.

What are some common signs of ASD?

Even as infants, children with ASD may seem different, especially when compared to other children their own age. They may become overly focused on certain objects, rarely make eye contact, and fail to engage in typical babbling with their parents. In other cases, children may develop normally until the second or even third year of life, but then start to withdraw and become indifferent to social engagement.

The severity of ASD can vary greatly and is based on the degree to which social communication, insistence of sameness of activities and surroundings, and repetitive patterns of behavior affect the daily functioning of the individual.

Social impairment and communication difficulties Many people with ASD find social interactions difficult. The mutual give-and-take nature of typical communication and interaction is often particularly challenging. Children with ASD may fail to respond to their names, avoid eye contact with other people, and only interact with others to achieve specific goals. Often children with ASD do not understand how to play or engage with other children and may prefer to be alone. People with ASD may find it difficult to understand other people’s feelings or talk about their own feelings.

People with ASD may have very different verbal abilities ranging from no speech at all to speech that is fluent, but awkward and inappropriate. Some children with ASD may have delayed speech and language skills, may repeat phrases, and give unrelated answers to questions. In addition, people with ASD can have a hard time using and understanding non-verbal cues such as gestures, body language, or tone of voice. For example, young children with ASD might not understand what it means to wave goodbye. People with ASD may also speak in flat, robot-like or a sing-song voice about a narrow range of favorite topics, with little regard for the interests of the person to whom they are speaking.

Repetitive and characteristic behaviors Many children with ASD engage in repetitive movements or unusual behaviors such as flapping their arms, rocking from side to side, or twirling. They may become preoccupied with parts of objects like the wheels on a toy truck. Children may also become obsessively interested in a particular topic such as airplanes or memorizing train schedules. Many people with ASD seem to thrive so much on routine that changes to the daily patterns of life — like an unexpected stop on the way home from school — can be very challenging. Some children may even get angry or have emotional outbursts, especially when placed in a new or overly stimulating environment.

What disorders are related to ASD?

Certain known genetic disorders are associated with an increased risk for autism, including Fragile X syndrome (which causes intellectual disability) and tuberous sclerosis (which causes benign tumors to grow in the brain and other vital organs) — each of which results from a mutation in a single, but different, gene. Recently, researchers have discovered other genetic mutations in children diagnosed with autism, including some that have not yet been designated as named syndromes. While each of these disorders is rare, in aggregate, they may account for 20 percent or more of all autism cases.

People with ASD also have a higher than average risk of having epilepsy. Children whose language skills regress early in life — before age 3 — appear to have a risk of developing epilepsy or seizure-like brain activity. About 20 to 30 percent of children with ASD develop epilepsy by the time they reach adulthood. Additionally, people with both ASD and intellectual disability have the greatest risk of developing seizure disorder.

How is ASD diagnosed?

ASD symptoms can vary greatly from person to person depending on the severity of the disorder. Symptoms may even go unrecognized for young children who have mild ASD or less debilitating handicaps. Very early indicators that require evaluation by an expert include:

• no babbling or pointing by age 1
• no single words by age 16 months or two-word phrases by age 2
• no response to name
• loss of language or social skills previously acquired
• poor eye contact
• excessive lining up of toys or objects
• no smiling or social responsiveness

Later indicators include:

• impaired ability to make friends with peers
• impaired ability to initiate or sustain a conversation with others
• absence or impairment of imaginative and social play
• repetitive or unusual use of language
• abnormally intense or focused interest
• preoccupation with certain objects or subjects
• inflexible adherence to specific routines or rituals

Health care providers will often use a questionnaire or other screening instrument to gather information about a child’s development and behavior. Some screening instruments rely solely on parent observations, while others rely on a combination of parent and doctor observations. If screening instruments indicate the possibility of ASD, a more comprehensive evaluation is usually indicated.

A comprehensive evaluation requires a multidisciplinary team, including a psychologist, neurologist, psychiatrist, speech therapist, and other professionals who diagnose and treat children with ASD. The team members will conduct a thorough neurological assessment and in-depth cognitive and language testing. Because hearing problems can cause behaviors that could be mistaken for ASD, children with delayed speech development should also have their hearing tested.

“August is National and World Breastfeeding Awareness Month, and experts and mothers from more than 170 countries agree: Breast milk is best when it comes to feeding a baby in the first year of life. Like trees, teeth contain growth rings that can be counted to estimate age. Teeth rings also incorporate dietary minerals as they grow. Breast milk contains barium, which accumulates steadily in an infant’s teeth and then drops off after weaning.”

NIH – National Institute of Health